LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Minimum Numbers of Salmon and Steelhead Entering the Columbia River, 1938-1994, and Commercial Landings of Salmon and Steelhead from the Columbia River. (ODFW, WDFW 1995)

Figure 2. Estimate of total escapement (adults and jacks) to Columbia River Regions (PSMFC 1995 and ODFW, WDFW 1995).

Figure 3. Estimate of total escapement (adults and jacks) by species/run (PSMFC 1995 and ODFW, WDFW 1995).

Figure 4. Average number of spring chinook redds from index areas per stream in Snake River subbasins, 1957-1994 (PSMFC 1995) .

Figure 5. Total hatchery rack returns above and below Bonneville Dam. Data from the 1960's and 1970's is incomplete for some hatcheries. Hatchery rack returns do not necessarily reflect total hatchery production or performance (PSMFC 1995).

Figure 6. Total hatchery rack returns by species and run. Some years may be incomplete (PSMFC 1995).

Figure 7. Passage indices of juveniles at selected dams, 1984-94.

Figure 8. Migration timing of juvenile salmon and steelhead (all species, hatchery, and natural pooled) at selected dams during 1994 (FPC 1995). Dots connected with lines indicate 10% and 90% passage dates by species for 1994. Open circles indicate average 10% and 90% dates by species averaged for 1991-93.

Figure 9. Water particle travel time and flow in the lower Snake River during the spring period (April 15-June 15) from 1929 to 1990 (Columbia Basin Indian Tribes and the State and Federal Fish and Wildlife Agencies 1993). Arrows indicate years of dam completion.

Figure 10. Fish passage efficiency based on 1994 conditions (FPC 1995). Values for spring chinook are averages for April 1 - June 20 in the Snake River and April 1 - June 30 in the lower Columbia River. Values for fall chinook are averages for June 21 - August 31 in the Snake and July 1 - August 31 in the lower Columbia.

Figure 11. Transport to control ratios for marked test groups and total number of juvenile fish transported from dams to lower Columbia River release sites, 1968-93, with species breakdown for 1993 (Hurson et al. 1995, Mundy et al. 1994). Transport to control ratios are averages for species and release dam by year for values summarized in Mundy et al. 1994. The dotted line indicates equal survival of transported and control groups.

Figure 12. Locations of squawfish sport reward fishery registration stations in 1995. 1 = Cathlamet Marina, 2 = Kalama Marina, 3 = Gleason Ramp, 4 = Washougal Ramp, 5 = The Fishery, 6 = Hamilton Island, 7 = Bingen Marina, 8 = The Dalles Ramp, 9 = Giles French Ramp, 10 = Umatilla Marina, 11 = Columbia Point Park, 12 = Vernita Bridge, 13 = Hood Park, 14 = Greenbelt Ramp.

Figure 13. Percentage of natural spawning index ratios (average of ending five years divided by average of beginning five years) falling in three categories by region (trend analysis from data in PSMFC 1995). Black bars indicate a decrease in the number of spawners.

Figure 14. Percentage of hatchery rack return index ratios (average of ending five years divided by average of beginning five years) falling in three categories by region (trend analysis from data in PSMFC 1995). Black bars indicate a decrease in the number of adults returning to the hatcheries.

Figure 15. Generalized ocean migration patterns for steelhead.

Figure 16. Generalized ocean migration patterns for chinook.

Figure 17. Generalized ocean migration patterns for coho.

Figure 18. Spring/Summer Chinook Distribution by USGS Cataloging Units for the Columbia Basin (PSMFC 1995, based on 1989 Subbasin Planning Presence / Absence Data).

Figure 19. Fall Chinook Distribution by USGS Cataloging Units for the Columbia Basin (PSMFC 1995, based on 1989 Subbasin Planning Presence / Absence Data).

Figure 20. Summer Steelhead Distribution by USGS Cataloging Units for the Columbia Basin (PSMFC 1995, based on 1989 Subbasin Planning Presence / Absence Data).

Figure 21. Coho Distribution by USGS Cataloging Units for the Columbia Basin (PSMFC 1995, based on 1989 Subbasin Planning Presence / Absence Data).

Figure 22. Winter Steelhead Distribution by USGS Cataloging Units for the Columbia Basin (PSMFC 1995, based on 1989 Subbasin Planning Presence / Absence Data).

Figure 23. Average daily flows in the Columbia River at The Dalles for three time periods; Annual (top), Spring (middle), and Summer (bottom) (PSMFC 1996).

Figure 24. Cumulative storage capacity in the Columbia River Basin in millions of acre feet (PSMFC 1996).

Figure 25. Daily average total flow (top) and spill (bottom) for the mainstem projects between the Columbia River mouth and Snake River spawning grounds (PSMFC 1996).

Figure 26. Average summer and spring spills expressed as percentage of total flow for the mainstem dams between the Columbia River mouth and Idaho spawning grounds.

Figure 27. Allocation of 18,700 miles of historically accessible anadromous habitat blocked by hydro development in the U.S. portion of the Columbia River Basin (PSMFC 1996).

Figure 28. Allocation of 16,800 miles currently in use by salmon and steelhead in the U.S. portion of the Columbia River Basin (PSMFC 1996).

Figure 29. Allocation of the 30,600 miles of currently accessible anadromous habitat in the U.S. portion of the Columbia River Basin (PSMFC 1996).

Figure 30. Percent of excellent, good, fair, and poor salmon habitat identified by Subbasin Planners by Columbia River Region (PSMFC 1995 from Subbasin Planning, 1989).

Figure 31. Percent of excellent, good, fair, and poor steelhead habitat identified by Subbasin Planners by Columbia River Region (PSMFC 1995 from Subbasin Planning, 1989).

Figure 32. Upwelling anomalies-difference between current year and 1948-1967 average for four coastal locations. Positive values represent stronger upwelling than normal, negative values represent weaker (PSMFC 1996).

Figure 33. 5 month running means of the Southern Oscillation Index. Negative values less than -1 represent the onset on El Niño events (Sevilleta LTER 1995).

Figure 34. Average May-August sea surface temperatures at three near shore ocean sites.

Figure 35. Total hatchery releases (all species, in millions) by Columbia River Region since 1980 (PSMFC 1995, based on data provided by the Regional Mark Processing Center (RMPC)).

Figure 36. Total hatchery releases (millions) by species and run in the Columbia River Basin since 1980 (PSMFC 1995).

Figure 37. Hatchery spring/summer chinook releases by USGS Cataloging Units for the Columbia Basin (PSMFC 1995, based on data from the RMPC).

Figure 38. Hatchery fall chinook releases by USGS Cataloging Units for the Columbia Basin (PSMFC 1995, based on data from the RMPC).

Figure 39. Hatchery summer steelhead releases by USGS Cataloging Units for the Columbia Basin (PSMFC 1995, based on data from the RMPC).

Figure 40. Hatchery winter steelhead releases by USGS Cataloging Units for the Columbia Basin (PSMFC 1995, based on data from the RMPC).

Figure 41. Hatchery coho releases by USGS Cataloging Units for the Columbia Basin (PSMFC 1995, based on data from the RMPC).

Figure 42. Hatchery sockeye releases by USGS Cataloging Units for the Columbia Basin (PSMFC 1995, based on data from the RMPC).

Figure 43. Allocation of total hatchery releases in the Columbia River Basin since 1980 by primary hatchery authorization and funding source (PSMFC 1996).

Figure 44. Total mainstem harvest by type (ODFW, WDFW, 1995).

Figure 45. Total Columbia River harvest (including estuary) by species (ODFW, WDFW, 1995).

Figure 46. Average proportion of harvest (all species) for four time periods and three fisheries (ODFW, WDFW, 1995). Total harvest values shown are in numbers of fish.

Figure 47. Tributary sport harvest of salmon and steelhead by Columbia River Region since 1975 (PSMFC, 1996).

Figure 48. Total estimated sport harvest in Columba River tributaries (PSMFC 1996).

Figure 49. PFMC Management Areas.

Figure 50. Annual landings of salmon and fishing effort in U. S. coastal waters north of Cape Falcon, Oregon (PMFC 1995).

Figure 51. Total BPA obligations by region from 1981-1993 (PSMFC 1996, data provided by BPA) 23

Figure 52. Total project dollars spent since 1990 by Bonneville Power Administration (PSMFC 1996, data provided by BPA).

Figure 53. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Lower Columbia / Snake Rivers Existing Fish Mitigation and Capital Costs Through Fiscal Year 1987.

Figure 54. North Pacific Division, Corps of Engineers Fish Passage Development and Evaluation Program (FPDEP) Fisheries Research Expenditures.

Figure 55. Lower Snake River Compensation Program (LSRCP) funding levels by major activity (Crateau 1996).

Figure 56. Funds expended by the Columbia River Fisheries Development Program from 1949 through 1988 (Delarm 1990).

Figure 57. Locations of sample populations included in this report.